The Guardian, yesterday, had an essay in its Science Section titled, ‘The Medicalization of Evil’. Written in the shadow of the horrific slaying of twenty six people, little and big, in Connecticut; the author, a medical historian, makes a case for evil existing in humans for its own sake, unexplainable by medical science. She also laments the trend, in the face of violent tragedy, to instantly ascribe a medical or psychiatric basis to the perpetrator’s actions without a detailed inquiry.
In response to her essay, I tagged on a comment. In disagreement. That was yesterday and today, we have the new horror in a never-ending series; this time of a young girl raped and brutally assaulted in Delhi by many men in a public transport vehicle. This young life is now battling to survive on life support in a Delhi hospital after undergoing extensive and complicated surgery on her battered intestines. Yes, intestines. Doctors in the know of the details, have dubbed the crime, psychopathic.
The incident sparked a profound disquiet which found, for a while, an outlet in words. To my mind, this horrific crime is evil; I am not comfortable with its medicalization, and I want nothing short of the harshest possible punishment, that society can deliver, for the criminals. The rising statistics of crime against women, in India, are appalling and the nature of the punishment must ensure that it serves its critical role as a deterrent. Spewing two completely contrarian responses in the span of a few hours; I am forced to revisit the essay and my own comments.
Does our socio-cultural or gender proximity to a crime reflect in our outrage? Do we need to relate to the circumstances of a crime to truly understand its horror? The answer to both these questions is obviously, yes. But, there are objective reasons that transcend these fundamentals. The distinction between a crime and a crime borne out of a psychiatric disability can be based on 1) whether torture was involved 2) the response of the perpetrator in its aftermath and 3) the behavioural history of the criminal.
1. Adam Lanza took his own life, it is said, when he heard the police sirens. A psychiatrist is better qualified to analyse that; but to my lay mind, in that one act of guilt and fear he sought and took his own retribution.
2. Killing and torture are two different beasts. It is harder to bear the news of a death when suffering was involved. Even in Connecticut; the coroner was reported as having said that, if at all anyone suffered, it was brief. Hearing ‘brief and quick’ has the relieving effect of, merciful. Not on the part of the criminal but to the losing of a life. Taking a life quickly lends it a ‘merciful release’ quality; which the crime of inflicting unspeakable physical and mental harm on an individual, leaving them to face their fate, does not have. Mind-numbing recitations of acid attacks on women resulting in permanent disfigurement and blinding (sometimes), rape of women and children, or of torture that preceded killing have a different impact on us than an instantaneous death. They shake our very faith in humanity. By not wanting to torture and by taking their lives out in a trice; is a gun toting criminal tapping into some base understanding of the quality of mercy? Maybe inadvertently, but nevertheless.
3. By medicalizing a crime; we are also, subliminally restoring our own faith in humanity. We reassure ourselves that man is incapable of such cruelty except in the presence of a mental derangement. Torture, on the other hand, frightens us. Just like a killing with a gun speaks of some hidden quality of mercy; torture is inherently sadistic and implies a revelling in the suffering of another. If a criminal with no medical antecedent is capable of torture, what of each one of us? If he is no different from the rest of us physically or mentally; is there a tipping point for crime? Are we biologically wired for cruelty? Is there a point at which behaviour alters dangerously and dramatically?
The much reviled Milgram experiment was an exercise in social psychology, conducted during Eichmann’s trial, to assess obedience and the ‘agentic state’. A new variation of this experiment, reported in Scientific American, concluded that morality trumps blind obedience and I quote: “Human moral nature includes a propensity to be empathetic, kind and good to our fellow kin and group members, plus an inclination to be xenophobic, cruel and evil to tribal others. The shock experiments reveal not blind obedience but conflicting moral tendencies that lie deep within”. In a follow-up piece, the author reiterates that the morality of our communities and bonding groups shapes our behaviour and influences our choices. Using behaviour termed ‘identification based followership’, he suggests that a person recruited to inflict suffering on another has a tipping point when his identification-patterns shift. In the face of human suffering there is a tipping point when a recruit starts identifying with the suffering of the study subject more than with the purpose of his research or combat team.
Torture and maiming doesn’t seem to reach this point on the morality scale. Unmoved by the suffering of a victim, the torturer’s obsession with his intent continues unabated. When it is only the process of the law that catches up with these criminals (who are often, at that point, found to be leading a normal life); we are forced to question their capability with guilt and remorse. How does medicalization answer for the conduct of a normal life ‘after’ such a crime? Rather, socio-cultural or familial acculturations might draw a clearer background picture. And these cannot absolve the crime or give the criminal a reprieve. The harshest punishment of the death penalty might thus serve as the only deterrent for torture. If it is widely publicized all over India that the heinous crime of rape will face the death penalty and will be a non-bailable crime, it might work as an effective deterrent to cruel, repressive, perverse and deranged behaviour. Irrespective of the distinctions between killing and torture; the death penalty must be on the table for captured perpetrators of such crimes. Curiously, the proof of its deterrent abilities might aid the distinction between torture or crime for its own sake, and crime with a medical background.
As they do in many confounding situations, the immortal words of Thomas Carlyle once again stretch across the centuries to offer their wise counsel. ‘There are depths in man that go the length of lowest Hell; as there are heights that reach the highest Heaven. For are not both Heaven and Hell made out of him, made by him, everlasting miracle and mystery as he is” – The French Revolution
I don’t think you have nailed it. I think Lanza acting alone is evil but not evil like he was posessed or anything. To act en masse (but you don’t say how many men) is collusion. I was once in a xxxxxx show in Prague, at the Atlas bar where a man in the audience was “selected” by a woman to xxx xxxxxx. The zeal to get to the front of the show by other males in the audience was palpable. Even my gay friend said he experienced some kind of schoolboy thrill though niot sexually excited enough to hit someone. With respect to the situation you describe expect there were many “opportunistic” men there, taken over by dumb, animal urges. Now the young innocent has somehow been discovered and I expect the men, who may be brow-beaten family men, are shitting themselves. It is a academic exercise to explore this topic when cannabalism may still be practised in the Pacific, female mutilation goes on in Sudan and stoning goes on. If there is an academic exercise to be had take yourself down the most tawdry sex establishment you can and see what goes on …
Thank you too, for reading and for your response. Indeed, it is a complex subject with layers of interpretation. And yes, if he was caught alive, the medical background would’ve been something many would have been unhappy with.
You make a ‘very’ important point with the erroneous association of some medical conditions with homicidal behaviour, In this particular case itself; all we now know is that he was diagnosed as having Asperger’s syndrome and although most sufferers are reclusive and anti-social; violence or aggression are not common behavioural associations. How will people with this diagnosis now be viewed and how will their therapy alter as a result?
Many thanks again for writing a thought provoking article on the subject and for sharing your thoughts!
Thank you for your article, and your comments on my own. This is a very difficult subject. One that warrants a more complex and nuanced analysis which is naturally difficult to present in a short commentary on a news website; or, indeed a blog, though I enjoyed your piece very much.
It wasn’t necessarily my intention to imply evil in my original article – more to draw attention to our changing attitudes towards deviancy (first as a sin, then as a crime and now as a medical problem); and to ask why we are so drawn to a medical narrative when dealing with horrific acts such as the one which occurred on Friday. It was less about Lanza, and more about how we, as society, deal with these types of crimes.
I agree with your first comment that it isn’t a black & white issue. Evil, in and of itself, is a problematic term and I am not suggesting it necessarily be used (here, I am referring to it as its original use – i.e. deviancy as sin/evil). The greater point I was trying to make was this: we still do not know anything about Lanza’s mental state, and while I am not denying that he may have suffered from real conditions which led him to kill 26 innocent people last week, I do want to caution people that “medicalising” the crime isn’t necessarily an answer; and it does diminish the role of personal responsibility in acts like these. It also leads to the erroneous association of certain mental conditions with homicidal behaviour – which I think is a tragedy.
If Lanza had lived and been found not guilty by reasons of insanity, I am sure many people would feel differently by the use of the medical narrative in explaining this crime.
I think, as you rightly point out, motive is certainly a factor in determining how we view a crime. I also think there is a racial element to the medical narrative; as it is rarely employed when speaking of foreign terrorists.
Thanks for your thoughts on this subject!